Settlement of the power conflict between top management of Cathay and pilots Essay Example for Free

Settlement of the precedent conflict between top management of mainland China and pilots rise1. INTRODUCTION1.1 Background InformationSince 1993, chinaware peaceful course panaches Limited (Cathay) has experienced the threat of industrial exercises initiated by unions. On 1 July 2001, another(prenominal) industrial action was commenced, resulted in a three-month chaos in Hong Kongs tourist industriousness.Being the representatives of the pilots of Cathay, Mr Nigel Demery, the President of Hong Kong Aircrew Officers Association (HKAOA), informed Cathays top management that the pilots ref utilise to accept Cathays new gift proposal. Members of the HKAOA oblige decided to commence industrial actions to force Cathays top management to accept their demand. The event was followed by a sharp increase of pilots reporting mold leaves. Unlike previous industrial actions, Cathays top management held cockeyed to their original standpoint and dismissed 52 pilots and chartered addit ional aircraft to moderate the problem of pilots reporting sick and absence from work. However, the incident did not come to an abate. On the contrary, the problem escalated when HKAOA reacted by announcing support of the looted pilots by taking legal actions against Cathay for the raw dismissal.The pilots industrial action caused a financial passage of US$12.8 million to Cathay each day. In fact, this was not the first time for the pilots to use industrial actions as a mean to press the top management in accepting their demands. Three industrial actions adjudge been taken place since 1999. These frequent industrial actions have not only caused financial loss, but also harmed the comp eithers overall reputation. Table 1 provides a summary of the industrial actions that has been taken place since 1993.2. OBJECTIVES2.1 ObjectivesThe oldtimer objectives of this report include Settlement of the occasion conflict between top management of Cathay and pilots Moderate the power of p ilots in order to avoid or reduce industrial actions in future2.2 Analysis of the Existing positions of both partiesLuthans (1992, p.426) said that formal organizations are highly political and power is the name of the game. Managers and non-managers in an organization often manipulate power to accomplish goals. Cathays top management holds legitimate, reward and coercive power to perform various(a) specific tasks and decisions. Legitimating refers to an upward appeal, which adds incubus to an influence attempt by showing support from senior managers, rules or procedures.1 On the other hand, coercive power promoter the using of threats, intimidation and compulsion to gain compliance.2In the recent industrial action, the top management tried to utilize their legitimate and coercive power to gain pilots compliance. Apart from the effectiveness of this position-based power strategy, the use of coercive power always causes negative consequences such as weakening relationships.In cont rast, the pilots hold strong right power. Pilots have high-value expertise. Referring to the strategic contingencies model3 which think on individual power and how it is detected, the subunits that are approximately central to the flow of work in an organization acquires power. The major revenue of Cathay comes from passenger and payload services. It is impossible for an aircraft to operate without a pilot. The past industrial actions showed the strength of pilots expert power. Thus, the power conflict between top management and pilots must be colonized in the long run.Besides, Cathays pilots manipulated the coalition strategy to accomplish their goals. HKAOA is a typical coalition of pilots. At present, Cathay employs 1,500 pilots, more than 75% of the pilots are members of the HKAOA. Thus, each industrial action evoked by HKAOA has caused a signifi spatet impact on Cathays business and reputation.Given the fact that the majority of the habitual man was of the view that the pilots have been over-demanding and created much chaos to the tourist diligence in Hong Kong (According to the interview results as substantially as from the media), it is a right(a) opportunity for Cathay to take returns of the situation and to moderate the power of the unions.3. SOURCE OF INFORMATION3.1 Source of InformationThis report is based on both primary and secondary information from various means. This includes-? Interview with representatives of both Cathay and the HKAOA.? yearly Interim Reports of Cathay? Newspapers? Magazines and Journals? Cathay Pacific Airways Official Web Site4. FINDINGSOur findings are mainly based on the following sources-* Interview Findings* Financial data published in the Next Magazine as showed at Tables 1-5.* Review of Cathays existing policies and procedures as showed in accompaniment 1.4.1 Interview Findings4.1.1 Interviews with HKAOA (Interviewee Mr. Spurrier M.)? According to HKAOA, Cathay was intimidated by aggressive interviews by managers about delays? For other managers or employees acting on Cathays instructions had followed pilots into the cockpit to watch them doing line of achievement checks even though they did not possess the required qualifications to know what was necessary, as such, prosecutions for those people whitethorn be possible nether the safety law of Air Navigation Ordinance as intimidation risked distracting pilots from their jobs? The pay demand was reasonable to Cathay4.1.2. Interviews with Cathay Management (Interviewee Mr. Tang)? Many crews were being put under natural pressure to sign the HKAOAs lawyers letter? Cathays net recurring profits has already been forecasted to fall by 20% to 25% in 2001 due to the global sparing downturn? The pay demand of HKAOA was unacceptable4.1.3. Interviews with the Human Resources Department (Interviewee Mr. Chau)? Employees remuneration represented about 25% of Cathays Total Operating Expenses4.1.4. Interviews with a Cathay passengers (Intervie wee Mr. Lee)? The responder described the pilots pay demand as unreasonable while the economy was still recovering? He complained that the pilots threat of industrial action had thrown his pass plans into chaos and the pilots union was selfish especially during peak travel seasons4.1.5. Interview with Tourists Right Association? They said that industrial actions would not gain the support of the general public and would only injure Hong Kongs reputation and tourism industry? They claimed with anger that the pilots earned well in Hong Kong, but tried to endanger Hong Kong tourism industry4.1.6. Media Comments from the Next Magazine, Hong Kong? Analysts said it would be hard for the pilots to pressure Cathay into roistering changes because of the financial implications5. fig out ANALYSIS OF CATHAY5.1 SWOT AnalysisA SWOT psychoanalysis may help management to identify the come withs strengths and weaknesses against its major competitors in the industry and to explore the opportunit ies and threats for effective strategic planning purposes. The analysis has been summarized from our findings and observations by various means as mentioned in Section 4 of this report. The SWOT analysis is mainly based on our observation and analysis on the financial information provided in Cathays annual report and from that of the Next Magazine.5.1.1 Strengths? Strong management team such as the director of embodied development, Tony Tyler, has implemented tough policy? Code contribution agreements with a number of other international airlines to provide greater flexibility such as British Airways, Japan Airlines, Malaysia Airlines, reciprocal ohm African Airways. Swissair, THY Turkish Airlines? With the decisions do to cut schedules and bring in charter aircrafts, the level of flight disruptions and delays have been selectably reduced, and the effect on sickness levels have to reduce? With the prevention from regime regarding overseas airlines in carrying passengers in Hong Kong to other destinations, Cathay became a price maker5.1.2. Weaknesses? Existence of Tenure employment contracts strengthen pilots power? Contracts are issued to pilots fit in to HKAOAs instructions, for example, all newly recruited pilots must start from the entry post of a Junior Pilot regardless of his/her previous experience? Long history of gross profit margin to pilots for their industrial actions created wrong perception to pilots that industrial action was an effective way in request for a demand? Lack of topical anesthetic anaesthetic pilots as substitutes in time of strike? High cost of training a Cadet Pilot (approximately US$128K)? Huge amount of financial interest of about US$1.3 million a day and labor cost of US$2 million per day5.1.3. Opportunities? Prolonged industrial action created unnecessary anxiety to passengers and the public, resulting in the loss of confidence in pilots and its union? Insufficient coalition between the union and pilots as not all the pilots are get outing to participate in the industrial actions? As pilots were sacked, Cathay could recruit pilots at a lower cost? Intensive trainings were held in an Adelaide aviation training school? Only a 3-year contract for new recruitment could be signed? More better experienced pilots can be recruited with closure of airlines subsequent to the 911 tragedy in America.5.1.4. Threats? The corporate image was spoiled by the HKAOA strike? As flights were delayed or suspended, loyal customers have been lost, resulted in loss of competitiveness? Aviation market has been overt up for competition? Owing to the pilots expertise, substitutes would be extremely difficult in the case of sickness? The pilots are forced to sign a letter drafted by the HKAOAs lawyers to Cathay and were intimidated by having their names as non-signers on its website when they refused to sign? The unions source of income was supported by the membership fee from 80% of the 1,500 pilots at 1% of their income a nd was proposed to increase the contribution up to 5%6. PROBLEM-SHOOTING AND RECOMMENTDATIONS6.1 Problems Difficulties? The industrial action has been too powerful for the company to deal with. This was evidenced in the prolonged action that has caused square(p) damage to the tourism industry? High level of dependency on foreign pilots to carry their passengers? The HKAOA vowed no resolution to the Cathay dispute unless all the pilots who have been unfairly dismissed were reinstated.6.2 Recommendations and StrategiesOur recommendations are made to achieve 3 chief objectives-i) Strengthen the power of the companyii) Weaken the power of the pilotsiii) Building-up relations with the pilots6.2.1 Strengthen the power of the companyIn order to strengthen the power of Cathay, playing games go forth be a good tactic. Authority game can be used to resist the power of the pilot. History indicated that Cathay lost in 3 industrial actions (from 1993 to 2000), as the company did not resist th e power of the other party. Hence, the company original policy should be strictly adhered in order to win the game. In July 2001, Cathay proved that the Authority Game tactic was feasible with its firm adherence to its proposed pay, benefits and roistering package with up to 9% increment (Table 2 showed the salary package as proposed by Cathay). On the other hand, Cathay has publicly refused to consider negotiating with the pilots again unless they withdrew their industrial action.Besides, Cathay may consider using the coalition-building game to form alliance with other airlines, preferably nearby airlines. Coalition game is another power-base game to increase power through forming of alliances or coalitions with groups within the subunits of the company or groups outside the organization.4 Cathay can then enjoy immediate tending by chartering additional aircrafts and rebook passengers on other aligned airlines. This increases the flexibility for Cathay even if HKAOA imposes furthe r destructive actions. Moreover, all airlines should agree not to hire bad-listed pilots.Furthermore, Cathay can inform outsiders about the injustice and irresponsible actions of pilots via a whistle-blowing tactic. Firstly, they should let the public know the prospect and earnings of a qualified pilot, i.e. create a high-income earner image for the pilots (Table 3), during recruitment of cadet pilots. In general, the general public will not accept high-income earners taking industrial actions to fight for salary increment. Secondly, they may let the media know that more than 10,000 passengers were adversely affected by the industrial action in July 2001. Besides, joint efforts with the Government are required to show the frugal damage to Hong Kong during the industrial action.6.2.2. Weaken the power of the pilotsPolitical influences are a good way to conform the pilots to meet organizational value. This can be through by position-based influence strategies through pressure and thr eats in return for compliance. Besides, coercive power depends on fear.During the industrial action in July 2001, 52 pilots were sacked without any reasons. The action tended to show the firm position of Cathay and intimidated the pilots to accept the offer. Since Cathay could afford to pay sacked pilots a better than most package, as the Hong Kong labor laws offered the company with certain flexibility. This implies that further dismissal of pilots is possible.The enforcement of pressure and threat can be achieved by the issuance of written statement warning that lateness will not be tolerated as this would breach of the employment contracts, which may in turn lead to dismissal. Moreover, the announcement of cutting foreign-based pilots is a feasible alternative.Another way is to abolish the tenure employment so as to reduce pilots employment security. The new employment proposal is a three-year contract for newly employed pilots. transition of contract is subject to performance, i.e. diluting the portion of permanent pilots.Substitutability refers to the ability to engage other pilots to perform the job of the existing pilots.5 This implies that if Cathay has or can obtain alternative sources of pilots to perform the job done by the existing pilots, the pilots union can be diminished. Therefore, Cathay can consider hiring pilots from other airlines, who have been sacked during the redundancy programs, e.g. America Airline, Continental Airlines, etc.The reduction in the dependency on foreign pilots becomes the most important aspect of power which is a move of dependency. This is because the greater Cathays dependency on the foreign pilots, the greater the pilot unions power has over Cathay. It can be observed that in August 2001, 10 local pilots have completed their Cadet Pilot Programme at BAE SYSTEMS Flight Training in Adelaide, sulphur Australia. The 10 graduates brought the number of cadet pilots who have receive from Cathay Pacifics training programm e to almost 150 since its first launch in 1988.Cathays investment brings long-term commitment to develop Hong Kong aviation industries as well as reducing the dependency of the majority of the 90% overseas pilots. Obviously, foreign pilots are the source of power. Rule of thumb, if Cathay can have its own local pilot team, Cathay will not reply to hire the pilots from overseas. The sources of pilot unions will be diluted. Therefore, it is very important to speed-up the training of Cathays own local pilots team.6.2.3 formulate relations with the pilotsBuilding up better relationship with pilots is a long-term solution. This can be achieved through interpersonal influence. With the application of position-based influence strategies, Cathay can offer rewards or benefits in exchange/return for pilots compliance. Rewards can be anything that another person values which is the opposite of coercive power. In Cathays case, rewards can be monetary rewards, fringe benefits, favorable promoti on prospects, flexible shifts or flight territories. If the company can give someone something of positive value or annihilate something of negative value, the company will have reward power over that person.Emphasis should be made on the fact that Cathays pilots are still the most expensive pilots when comparing to other American and European Airlines. This has been achieved during all public announcement and negotiation (as shown in Table 4 and Table 5).Motivating the pilots is all important(p) to Cathays long-term success. It is important to build up common goals and values to obtain support or commitment with personal-centered strategies. These are strategies that rely on an individuals characteristics and abilities to nark expert and referent power bases, or inspirational appeals and consultation.6 One suggestion is that the pilot s remuneration package should split into basic salary and performance bonus, which relates to the company s annual profit.The outcome, consensus o r agreement can be achieved through Normalization. Normalization influence can gradually change the opinions and the behaviour of pilots by trilateral process and informational influence to achieve conformity.7 In fact, coercive and reward powers are counterparts of each other. If Cathay can remove the Unions powerful/dominant value from pilots or inflict negative values upon them, Cathay will have coercive power over them.As mentioned earlier, legitimate appeal can add metric weight unit over influence attempt by showing support of the senior management. Cathay may provide indication to the general public that the pilots are under intolerable pressure from Unions. First, it can be done through media to pronounce the number of calls that management had received complaints from pilots on managing Unions intimidation. Alternatively, it will be a good tactic for management to show care and understanding of pilots difficulties and to encourage them to follow the instructions from HKAO A by signing the lawyers letters back to Cathay.Lastly, ethical success will confront ethical dilemmas by the referent-powered management, like Mr. Tony Tyler. It is important that emphasis should be stress on Cathays pilots, Unions and the general public that the current package offered by Cathay is the best. The termination of industrial action is for the good benefits of pilots, passengers and the public instead of Cathay itself, which meets the utilitarian outcome. The packages offered allow the pilots an option to choose for their terms of package. The emphasis is on fairness, exemption of choice and individual rights. No strict rules for the pilots. In return, the dismissal of industrial action is expected from pilots. Message may be made to the general public with emphasis that Cathay has confidence over the pilots professionalism and legitimate power. They will be responsible for their actions. In addition, Cathay may show appreciation for those pilots who have fill in for t heir absent colleagues.7. SUMMARY7.1 SummarySince 1999, Cathay encountered threat from industrial strikes every few years (Table 1). Cathay compromised with HKAOA in the previous three strikes and gave in to the HKAOA industrial actions. This year, the fourth industrial action organized by HKAOA with an aim to fight for higher pilots salary increment and shorter working hours have caused Cathay loss of over millions of profits, not to mention the damage on its reputation and the loss of significant market share to major competitors. (Appendix 1 provides a summary of the imagination of Cathay and its traffic figures from June to November 2001)This report has examined the current power between Cathay and HKAOA and accordingly recommended Cathays management to take proper actions to counter HKAOAs industrial action and to end HKAOAs threats in future.We have interviewed both the Cathays management and HKAOAs representative and gathered necessary information from other public means. We then evaluated these information to perform a SWOT analysis and based on it defined the problems facing by Cathay in its current situation.In general, Cathay is facing a powerful union, which has a very strong bargaining power due to the pilots expertise power. Hence, we have recommended Cathay to deploy political games to strengthen the companys power and to weaken the power of the pilots. In addition, we have recommended management to build up a long-term co-operative relationship with the pilots after the power struggle. By doing so, we trust Cathay can end this industry actions in a reasonable period and to prevent the same problem happen again in future.8. REFERENCE BIBIOGRAPHY8.1 REFERENCEInterviewee Mr. Chau W., Director of Personnel, Cathay Pacific Airways Ltd.Interviewee Mr. Lee, passenger of Cathay Pacific Airways Ltd.Interviewee Mr. Spurrier M., Image Director of HKAOA.Interviewee Mr. Tang A., Director of Corporation Planning, Cathay Pacific Airways Ltd.Luthans F. (1992 ). Organization style 6th ed. Singapore McGraw-Hill.8.2 BIBIOGRAPHYAnnual Report 2001, Cathay Pacific Airways LimitedBotton V. Agencies, Cathay chaos may start today South China morning Post, 3rd July 2001.Botton V., Pilots put betrothal plan into action South China Morning Post, 4th July 2001.Botton V. Agencies, Cathay may ground all flights South China Morning Post, 22 family line 2001.Botton V., Cathay warns it may close foreign bases, South China Morning Post, 28 September 2001.Botton V., Secret Cathay peace talks fail South China Morning Post, 29 September 2001.Bowman J., Cathay turns screw on pilots South China Morning Post, 30th June 2001.Bowman J., Union denied access to Cathay mail boxes South China Morning Post, 3rd July 2001.Cheng A., Narrow nationalistic views clouding the Cathay issue South China Morning Post, nineteenth July 2001.Cheung C.F., Thousand stranded at airport South China Morning Post, 8th July 2001Cheung J., Dispute may open extra routes South China M orning Post, 8th July 2001Interim Report 2001, Cathay Pacific Airways LimitedIvancevich, J., Olekalns, M. Matheson, M. 2000, Organizational Behavior and Management, 1st Aust. Ed, Irwin, SydneyLai C.Y., Cathay Strike, Next Magazine, 28th June, 2001.Lai C.Y., Cathay vs HKAOA Next Magazine, twelfth July,2001.Lo J., Rostering and overtime remain key issue in Cathay negotiation South China Morning Post, 4th July 2001.Luthans, F., 1992, Organizational Behavior, McGraw-Hill, Singapore.Mintzberg H., 1983, Power in and virtually Organizations, Prentice-Hall, N.J., USA.Mullins, L., 1989, Management and Organizational Behavior, Pitman, Great BritainPfeffer J., 1981, Power in Organizations, Pitman Publishing, M.A. USA.Porter L.W., Lawler E.E., and Hackman J.R. 1975, Behavior in Organizations, McGraw-Hill, N.Y., USA.Kotter P. 1987, The Empowered Manager, Jossey-Bass, San Francisco, USA.Reuters, Airline job cuts hit Europe South China Morning Post, 21 September 2001Robbins S. P., 1994, Organiza tional behavior, 4th ed., Prentice Hall, N.J, USA.See http//www.cathaypacific.comTichy N.M., 1986, The Transformational Leader, N.Y., USA.1Ivancevich J, Olekalns M, Matteson M (2000), Organizational Behavior and Management, 1st Aust ed., McGraw-Hill, pg. 401.2 Ibid.3 Ibid, pg 393.4.Ivancevich J, Olekalns M, Matteson M (2000), Organizational Behavior and Management , 1st Aust ed. McGraw Hill, pg.403.5 Ivancevich J, Olekalns M, Matteson M (2000), Organizational Behavior and Management , 1st Aust ed. McGraw Hill, pg.395.6 Ivancevich J, Olekalns M, Matteson M (2000), Organizational Behavior and Management , 1st Aust ed. McGraw Hill, pg.401.7 Ivancevich J, Olekalns M, Matteson M (2000), Organizational Behavior and Management , 1st Aust ed. McGraw Hill, pg.397.

WorkBook Exercise Essay Example for Free

WorkBook Exercise Essay1. What demographic variables were measured at least at the interval level of measurement?Education, Marital status, typesetters case of feeding, amount of household and infant care responsibilities.2. What statistics were used to describe the length of labor in this study? Were these appropriate?Hours. These are appropriate because they are the standard.3. What separate statistic could have been used to describe the length of labor? Provide a precept for your answer.Minutes could have been used instead for more precise info. geezerhood would be to general. 4. Were the distributions of scores similar for the experimental and run groups for the length of labor? Provide a rationale for your answer.I believe that they are similar as they are only a three hours difference.5. Were the experimental and date groups similar in their type of feeding? Provide a rationale for your answer.The experimental and control groups were very similar in their type of fee ding because they were only +/- 2 in each sub-category.6. What was the marital status mode for the subjects in the experimental and control groups? Provide both the frequency and percentage for the marital status mode for both groups.The marital status mode is uninvolved/divorced. Frequency and percentage for separated/divorced in experimental group 1, 3.1% Frequency and percentage for separated/divorced in controlled group 1, 2.8%7. Could a median be determined for the genteelness data? If so, what would the median be for fostering for the experimental and the control groups? Provide a rationale for your answer.Yes, a median can be determined for the education data.Experimental 11, Some collegeControlled 13, College graduate or higherThe median is the middle number for a sequence of numbers.8. Can the findings from this study be generalized to stark women? Provide a rationale for your answer.No, the majority of the statistics were for white females.9. If there were 32 subjects in the experimental group and 36 subjects in the control group, why is the income data only reported for 30 subjects in the experimental group and 34 subjects in the control group?Numbers do not always join 32 for experimental group or 36 for control group because of missing data.10. Was the sample for this study adequately described? Provide a rationale for your answer.No, the sample for the study only gives majority of the data for white females. The sample also leaves out several large racial groups.

Collectivization and the Peasant Rebellion

Collectivization and the Peasant RebellionCollectivization and the Peasant RebellionCollectivization was one of Joseph Stalins policies in addressing the looming decline in nutrient production in the Soviet Union. This policy, implemented from 1928 through 1940, involved the consolidation of rises from individualistic farmers into incarnate farms. Beca accustom of the collectivisation policy, the Soviet Union experienced significant problems as the peasants opposed collectivisation and as the presidential term remained adamant in supporting the policy.Support from the PeasantryOne of the main benefits of the collectivization policy was that the landless peasants would be equal to(p) to experience significant improvements in their sparing situations, especi all(prenominal)y when considering that the policy forgetd for increased involvement of the landless peasants in the farm activities. This was the major aspect of the policy that attracted the peasants to provide support f or the constitutement of corporate farms.Another primal regard is that the collectivization policy was aimed at providing necessary information in order for decision-making at diametric government takes to be wellhead-grounded. Such information was the main target of the government in meetling the collective farms, with the information being delivered or made kind to decision-makers in the timeliest manner possible through the centralized social organisation of the collective farms. This means that the reach/ scope and efficaciousness of the centralized collective farms could significantly set up to the success of the governments efforts in increasing agricultural output. In this regard, it is argucapable that one of the advantages of the collective policy was that it made decision-making more(prenominal) attuned to the current conditions of the Soviet Union. However, an important consideration is the body coordinate of the Soviet Union this influenced how sparing i nformation on the collective farms could be disseminated among the decision-makers at the different government levels. For instance, a centralized structure could quickly allow for the dissemination of much(prenominal) information through just a singular effort. In the case of a decentralise structure (as was the case of the non-collective farms precedent to the implementation of the policy), however, much(prenominal) information would stick proven to be unwieldy to disseminate. This was important to consider, especially amidst the widely implemented combination of centralized and decentralized sparing processes within the Soviet Union.1 The structure of the centralized collective farms would kick in had to be well-adapted to this (generally) dual nature of the government for it to be utilized fully. From this perspective, if the structure of the centralized collective farms was indeed designed to support such(prenominal) nature, it would cod allow decision-makers to be ef fective at making use of available information.In a decentralized government as in the case of the farms prior to the implementation of the collectivization policy, a properly configured structure would have allowed for the most appropriate commission of allocating of resources. In addition, it would have helped decision-makers in assessing options and in implementing retard over a variety of processes. The significance of the structure of the centralized collective farms was greater in the boilersuit performance of the economy of the Soviet Union and its centralized operations. Since decentralization meant that many components produced different sets of information and were likely to make decisions based on such variable information sets, having centralized structure such as the structure of the centralized collective farms that comprehensively covered the government and the Soviet Union and its ineluctably would have meant great improvements in making decision making among the different components well-organized and in harmony with each other. Having this done would have meant that the Soviet Union would be able to col1aborate its efforts, in spite of being decentralized. The challenge, however, was that the different components had different information outputs that did not necessarily conform to each other. The arranging would have had to make major adjustments to such information-processes before actually being able in effect implement the structure of the centralized collective farms.Under decentralization, there were a number of advantages that the peasants and government could use of when implementing the centralized structure of the collective farms. For instance, the costs of developing the centralized structure of the collective farms and implementing it were relatively lower than maintaining decentralized farms that could barely support the food ask of the Soviet Union. This was because of the divided nature of the system individual compone nts of the system did not have to cover the entire Soviet Union, but only had to be attached to the system core capital of the Russian Federation.2 In addition, the centralized structure of the collective farms in the sparingal environment of the Soviet Union at the time meant that the system could be customized in such a way that the specific needs of the individual components are addressed in the best possible way. thitherfore, through the centralized structure of the collective farms in such a setting, the processes in the different areas were maintained, thereby theoretically allowing for more efficient production. This, in turn, made the system considerably tractile as some areas could be made to function differently from the rest of the Soviet Union. The centralized structure of the collective farms allowed for more effective implementation of Soviet strategies. Theoretically, it to a fault allowed the government to maintain or improve participation of peasants. Moreover , decision-makers in the different areas, regular(a) though having access to information regarding other areas, would still have maintained a brain of responsibility, considering that they were made to perform within their own areas in spite of having better access to the system information. Moreover, the centralized structure of the collective farms had the advantage of being theoretically more reliable. This was because of the use of different systems (or sub-systems) in the different areas. When a problem/ failure occurred in one sub-system, the centralized structure of the collective farms would still remain functional in other sub-systems. The centralized structure of the collective farms also provided for responsiveness among the government offices. It is important to emphasize on the increased motivation/ satisfaction that, theoretically, peasants would have in such a setting peasants were theoretically encouraged to participate in processes and have a heightened sense of responsibility. Also, since the theoretically took into consideration the various needs of the different areas and not just those of the entire Soviet Union as a whole, theoretically, the decision-makers in the different areas would have been able to achieve improvements in their response times.Peasants Discontent and Its ParametersThe main discontent of the peasants with the policy was that it took away land from peasants who already had land prior to the policy implementation, and it efficaciously decreased the income of the peasants in spite of the supposed improvements in the economic situations of the peasants. One of the parameters of the peasants discontent was their independence to work on their own lands and on lands of their own choosing. The motive farm system prior to collectivization is generally associated with democratic societies. This makes sense because the former farm system prior to collectivization required individual freedom and control of resources, proper ties and means of production. It is arguable that the framework of democracy was the most appropriate for the former farm system prior to collectivization at least at the village level. In contrast, communism and socialism imposed by the collectivization were not typically associated with democracy, especially when considering that communism and socialism prohibits individual ownership and control of the economys means of production. As a result, the former farm system prior to collectivization could not exist in rigorously communistic or purely socialist economic systems.3It is important to melodic line that the former farm system prior to collectivization was characterized by three main aspects (a) private ownership, (b) individual economic freedom, (c) competition among farming entities. In terms of private ownership, the entire village assumeed and accommodated private ownership. This meant that, in such an economy, resources such as land, as well as the means of production a nd goods and services were privately owned at the village level by individual members of the society, by groups or entities like partnerships or families. In terms of individual economic freedom, the former farm system prior to collectivization allowed individual members of the villages to pursue their own interests to achieve certain economic goals. This meant that in such a situation, the individual peasants were allowed and accommodated to act for personal gains. Considering that individuals were free to go for whichever occupation they desired, the former farm system prior to collectivization was oftentimes referred to as an enterprise system within the socialist Soviet Union.4 In terns of competition among farming entities, the former farm system prior to collectivization allowed and accommodated individuals and groups to struggle against each other. This aspect of the former farm system prior to collectivization was actually an offshoot of individual economic freedom at the village level people competed against each other because of their desire to accomplish their personal economic interests in a system where resources and, thus, economic opportunities were limited. These three aspects were important factors that contributed to the discontent of the peasants and that rarefied the former farm system prior to collectivization from the collective farming villages upon implementation of the policy.In the new collective farm structure, there was no individual economic freedom, no private ownership and no economic competition among individuals or groups of individuals. In such an economy, there was no private ownership. The main official effects of the former farm system prior to collectivization were as follows. It supported individual freedom. It also allowed for individual control of resources and properties at least at the village level. This prevented the government (or a few individuals) to control economic resources and properties. Overall, the f ormer farm system prior to collectivization was a dominant factor in the Soviet Unions situation during the implementation of the collectivization policy.In contrast, the new structure of the collective farms entailed economic equality. Peasants were compelled to work, with their efforts ideally being pooled together to be distributed equally among the people. In terms of productivity, the people were theoretically encouraged to be more productive. Socialist and communist strategies (agenda) were similar in that they consider the people as the origin of world-beater. However, they also differ in terms of how such power is utilized and maintained, and in terms of how the people have control of such power once it has already been given to the ruler(s).The new structure of the collective farms meant that the landed peasants would lose their properties, that the landless peasants would gain access to farmlands but lose their economic freedom, and that the farming villages would be subj ected to the control of Moscow, mainly for the benefit of the densely populated cities of the Soviet Union. The new structure of the collective farms also meant that, with the aim of increasing overall economic efficiency, there was the in truth realistic risk of the government making reduced payments to the peasants in spite of the peasants increased agricultural output.Uprising Effectiveness, Expectations of Peasants and Overall OutcomeThe peasant uprising was effective in the sense that it effectively counteracted the collectivization policy. For instance, the Soviet Union as a whole experienced decreased agricultural output because the peasants refused to the work in the farms.5 This is completely opposite the initial goal of the collectivization policy, which is to increase agricultural output to support the growing demand of the Soviet Union, especially in urban areas where states were concentrated.6 One of the main reasons for the effectiveness of the uprising was that the p easants expectations of maintained or increased income were not met by the collective farms. In fact, many of the peasants experienced decreased income because of the collectivization policy.7The result of such failures can be observed in the situation of the Soviet Union by the late 1930s. For instance, large- overcome collectivization and the reaction of the peasants resulted in major changes in the effectiveness of Soviet Unions institutions especially at the level of the villages. Such collectivization policy did not necessarily have the power or strength to be successful at being effective, in spite of the fact that the policy was supported, theoretically, by the socialist economic system that framed the economic activities of the villages in general.8 In fact, the results of the collectivization policy indicate that such policy was met with significant opposition, such that support for the collectivization policy was utterly uncommon passim the Soviet Union in spite of the ou tright and well-known mandate of the government for the establishment of the collective farms.The opposition exhibited by the peasants in the villages can be considered akin to the Soviet Unions transition into a state where small democratic institutions are accommodated at the village level. Democratic fly the coopments have been making some bestride at the time, but they are still weak against the large communist government.9 In addition, perhaps more importantly, the actions of the Soviet Unions government actually resulted in vigilance being shifted towards the government and its policies and actions.10 This led to increased criticism of the Soviet Union government and the policies it implemented. However, movements against the communist autarky were very difficult, in spite of the large scale refusal of the peasants to work in the collective farms. Thus, this implies that the problems experienced by the Soviet Union during the collectivization of the farms were attributable to the Soviet Unions nature of government. Such problems were very complex and difficult to address by way of movements or activities similar/ related to the collectivization.11In this regard, the overall outcome of the peasant uprising was the decline of agricultural production of the Soviet Union and the eventual failure of the collectivization policy. It should be noted that the Russian communist government was the principal reason behind the difficulty in addressing problems of autocracy and problems in sustaining the collectivization policy. For instance, in spite of changes in power distribution within the Russian government, the communist central government remained strong and powerful in addressing challenges and oppositions.12 The Russian communist government actually had not changed much in terms of influence and thus remained the major obstacle to any democratic move or any move that counters the Russian communist governments initiatives and decisions, even at the lowest levels of the villages.Because of this maintenance of power, the central government was able to impose restrictions on the population even when such restrictions were against the desires of the peasantry. For instance, by controlling the farms at the village level, the Russian central communist government believed that it would be more able to control localities and effectively implement reforms for growth, especially in the agriculture and food supply.13 Because of its power and the lack of strength of opposition, the central government readily and extremely limited the population in spite of changes in the economic conditions throughout the country. Such strength and apparent lack of flexibility undermined the growing problems linked to the peasant uprising. As a result, the rigidness of the Russian government contributed to the eventual failure of the collectivization policy.Nonetheless, in spite of the power and oppression that the government exerted on the people in the villa ges, it was actually unworthy from unapparent problems in maintaining central control as well as discipline, especially among the communities involved in the collectivized farms.14 This made Moscow prone to problems in maintaining the system of government throughout the country, which, in turn, made the government unable to properly, completely and effectively enforce the collectivization policy. This also points out that need for Moscow then to examine large-scale and comprehensive reforms and their effects on the economy.An important part of the situation of the Soviet Union during and immediately after the implementation of the collectivization policy was the transformation of the Russian communist government into a major facilitator of the reform.15 This is important because the Russian government did not properly accommodate the expectations and needs of the peasantry. There was no effective means of establishing a system that checks and balances on all institutions involved i n the collectivization policy, such that there were conflicts of interests among the different offices involved in the collectivization policy, as well as between the government and the peasantry in general. The Russian communist government was then already trying to transform itself into an entity that is more understandable and acceptable to the population through the collectivization policy, which undoubtedly attempted to consider the needs of the growing population as well as the needs of the landless peasants.16Another principal consideration for Soviet Unions reforms was its good system at the time of the implementation of the collectivization policy. In the past, the actions that were made in this system were practically determined by the central government. Thus the system was able to deeply enroot itself into the Russian society. The negative things about this characteristic of the government was that, under communist totalitarian government, power was unlimited, party pow er was permanent, and the leaders power was indivisible.17 In addition even if the Russian communist government took on a retroversion of action, this would not mean any change in the totalitarian power structure. Such inflexibility, as mentioned earlier, contributed to the eventual failure of the collectivization policy.Because of its strong persistence even to the late 1930s and after the failure of the collectivization policy, this central autocracy had to be dealt with if the country was to sustain its economic pace through reforms in the legal system. The historical task that faced Soviet Union was to create a society under the rule of law, in spite of the increased economic confusion of the peasants who refused to work in the collective farms. The path to such a society was a legal one, not an illegal one.18 However, courts were not independent.19 There still infallible to be some big struggles to be faced in order for the system to be changed in favor of economic and socio -political reform for the benefit of the population. This was important because the legal path was an effective method of struggle towards properly addressing the needs of the Soviet Union.20 It should be noted though that, in spite of apparent stagnation and decline resulting from the collectivization policy, the Russian legal system has already exhibited significant changes alongside the decline of the economy upon implementation of the collectivization policy.21All these emphasize the complexness that the Russian government actually faced in trying to mold the Soviet Union into a growth-conducive society. Regarding the nature of Soviet Unions system of corruption, it is important to note that corruption was built into the fabric of Russian society such that removing it would have resulted in problems at the basic levels of government and public service.22 Thus, there was a cause case that essentially establishes that, probably, to some extent, the Soviet Union would have had to continue addressing the need for growth-conduciveness without actually eliminating corruption and peasant opposition comprehensively at such a large-scale.Analysis and ConclusionRegarding the establishment of collective farms in Russian villages, the problems faced by the Russian government was on the autocracy and the delegation of power to the villages through to ensure proper implementation of collectivization.23 Through collectivization, the village people are deprived of their power and are compelled to give up their properties for the benefit of populations that the government considered fit for allocation of the produce from such properties. By the end of the 1930s, the country already had large scale implementation of collectivization in villages throughout all its territory. However, in spite of the general interest that such an implementation has gained from critics and analysts around the world, the Russian government was actually having problems with the implementation. The principal issues to consider in the implementation of collectivization in the Soviet Union were as follows (1) whether or not this collectivization policy would influence lawlessness and rebellion exhibited by villages (2) whether or not the resulting structure of the collective village farms would function as agents for suppressing village resistance to state initiatives or, on the contrary, as supporters of such resistance (3) whether or not it is possible to establish a peaceful and beneficial coexistence between the Russian Government and the collective farm structures in the villages and (4) whether or not the people were actually inclined to accept and participate in the collective farms. In effect, there needs to be an examination of such issues, especially in terms of the objectives of the policys implementation and how it was that the resulting collective farm structures in the villages could be established realistically.The problems and results of the collectivization policy were discussed and analyzed, especially from the perspective of the state government as well as the perspective of the peasants. The bases used for such analysis are considerably robust and makes use of earlier literature on Russian sociology and politics. This paper addresses the issues involved in the implementation and failure of the collectivization policy, with Russian socio-politics as the foundation for the analysis. It is concluded that village opposition and freedom in economic activities was difficult to attain, given the state of government (or lack of it) in the villages at the time the collectivization policy was implemented. However, it was not impossible, especially when considering the economic boom that influenced even to a small extent the villages. Overall, the collectivization policy was a failure because it did not consider all of the needs and expectations of the peasants, and because the uprising of the peasants resulted in a decline in agricultural o utput, which was completely opposite to the agricultural and economic improvement goals of Stalins collectivization policy for the Soviet Union.BibliographyAllilueva, A. 1946. Vospominaniia. Moscow Apin.Conquest, R. 1989. Stalin and the Kirov Murder. current York supererogatory Press.Deutscher, I. 1968. Stalin A Political Biography. London Sage.Fotieva, L.A. 1964. Lenin. Moscow Apin.Hingley, R. 1974. Joseph Stalin Man and Legend. London Sage.Jonge, A. 1988. Stalin and the Shaping of the Soviet Union. New York surrender Press.Kaminskii, V., Vereshchagin, I. 1939. Detstvo I iunost vozhdia dokument y, zapiski, rasskazy. Molodaia gvardiia, no. 12, 1939.Khrushchev, N.S. 1989. Stalin. Vospominaniia, 28, 9-15.Krivitsky, W. 1939. In Stalin s Secret Service. London Sage.Lewin, M. 1968. Lenins Last Struggle. New York Free Press.Medvedev, R. A. 1969. Let History Judge The Origins and Consequences of Stalinism. New York U. Binding.Nicolaevsky, B. 1965. Power and the Soviet Elite. New York A nn Arbor.Orlov, A. 1953. The Secret History of Stalins Crimes. New York Free Press.Rayfield, D. 1976. The Dream of Lhasa The Life of Nikolay Przhevalsky. Athens Ohio.Slusser, R. M. 1987. Stalin in October. London Sage.Souvarine, B. 1939. Stalin A slender Survey of Bolshevism. New York Read Books.Triymfi, I.V. 1956. Stalin Politicheski Portret. Moscow Apin.Tucker, R. 1974. Stalin as Revolutionary. New York Free Press.Ulam, A. 1973. Stalin The Man and His Era. New York Viking Press.Volkogonov, D. 1973. Stalin. New York Free press.1 Kaminskii, V., Vereshchagin, I. 1939. Detstvo I iunost vozhdia dokument y, zapiski, rasskazy. Molodaia gvardiia, no. 12, 1939.2 Krivitsky, W. 1939. In Stalin s Secret Service. London Sage.3 Souvarine, B. 1939. Stalin A Critical Survey of Bolshevism. New York Read Books.4 Allilueva, A. 1946. Vospominaniia. Moscow Apin.5 Orlov, A. 1953. The Secret History of Stalins Crimes. New York Free Press.6 Triymfi, I.V. 1956. Stalin Politicheski Portret. Moscow Apin.7 Nicolaevsky, B. 1965. Power and the Soviet Elite. New York Ann Arbor.8 Deutscher, I. 1968. Stalin A Political Biography. London Sage.9 Lewin, M. 1968. Lenins Last Struggle. New York Free Press.10 Medvedev, R. A. 1969. Let History Judge The Origins and Consequences of Stalinism. New York U. Binding.11 Ulam, A. 1973. Stalin The Man and His Era. New York Viking Press.12 Volkogonov, D. 1973. Stalin. New York Free press.13 Hingley, R. 1974. Joseph Stalin Man and Legend. London Sage.14 Tucker, R. 1974. Stalin as Revolutionary. New York Free Press.15 Rayfield, D. 1976. The Dream of Lhasa The Life of Nikolay Przhevalsky. Athens Ohio.16 Slusser, R. M. 1987. Stalin in October. London Sage.17 Ibid, 37.18 Jonge, A. 1988. Stalin and the Shaping of the Soviet Union. New York Free Press.19 Ibid, 9.20 Ibid, 36.21 Conquest, R. 1989. Stalin and the Kirov Murder. New York Free Press.22 Ibid 98.23 Khrushchev, N.S. 1989. Stalin. Vospominaniia, 28, 9-15.

Performance Enhancement for Robot Localization

Performance Enhancement for Robot LocalizationPerformance Enhancement for Robot Localization and Fault Minimization apply Alternative least(prenominal) Squ ar Machine Learning Technique ABSTRACTMachine development tools are used for specific applications. The purpose is to investigate proper cable car learning tools for the SFU Mountain info-set. Impact Revealing the appropriate machine learning tools bequeath guide us to build a better info model. We are conducting turnout-structured woodlands for respite diagnosis of how environmental variables affect the availability of important robotic services. Using a modeling framework, we are creating future scenarios of robotic service availability based upon local intimacy and climate projections. In addition, we are developing models derived from inputs to compare and potentially combine with local knowledge inputs. This allows us to assess, from several perspectives, how a critical comp matchlessnt of alliance flexibility sea ts revolution in the future. Perfect productivities will be used to simplify deliberations in the groups on variation options that could minimize the negative consequences while clutch upon positive opportunities.Keywords Sfu-mountain, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, stain diagnosis etc.I.INTRODUCTIONThis paper considers the problem of recognizing locations based on their appearance. This problem has recently received attention in the context of large-scale global localization Schindler et al., 2007 and loop-closure sensing in mobile robotics Ho and Newman, 2007. We progresses the state of the art by developing a principled probabilistic framework for robotics algorithms for long-term deployment. foreign many existing brasss, our approach is not limited to localization we are able to decide if new observations originate from places already in the map, or or else from new, previously unseen places. This is possible even in environments where many places have similar sensory pres ence (a problem known as perceptual aliasing). Our system effectively learns a model of the common objects, which allows us to improve inference by reasoning about which sets of features are likely to appear or disappear. We submit results which demonst rate that the system is capable of recognizing places while rejecting false matches due to perceptual aliasing even when such observations share many features. The approach also has reasonable computational cost fast enough for online loop closure detection in realistic mobile robotics difficulties where the plot c all overs numerous thousand places. We establish our scheme finished identifying loop conclusions over a 4km path length in an initially-unknown outdoor environment, where the system detects a large fraction of the loop closures without false positives.A fine-tune sensor If you have a sensor or instrument that is known to be accurate. It target be used to mark placement interpretations for evaluation. Best laboratori es will have devices that have been standardized beside and documentation including the specific reference alongside that they were regulated, as well as several improvement issues that need to be utilitarian to the output.B. Trail environment Relatively few researchers have focused on the needs, lead story location predilections, and involvements of the mountain biker. This research gives recreation supply managers with selective information that can prompt modification in the method they observe how trail environments should be managed. In one of the few comprehensive studies of mountain biker preferences for recreational settings and experiences, Cessford (1995) in a study for the Department of Conservation, New Zealand, measured altered users and their near of involvement about desired setting issues, trail types, trail conditions, downhill and uphill preferences, and companionable encounters. Major results presented that there was a relationship amongst biker preference and level of experience. For example, novice bikers preferred smooth, open, or clear trails and had low preference for obstacles and carrying bikes on sections not feasible for biking.II. Literature surveyJake Bruce, Jens Wawerla and Richard Vaughan 1 they have taken a dataset which are based on measured, coordinated and ground truth- aligned of woodland trail navigation in semi organized shifting outdoor surroundings. The dataset is projected to support the growth of ground in robotics procedures for long-term arrangement in challenging outside situations. It takes total time more than 8 hours for trail navigation, with more accessible in the upcoming as the location variations. The data contain of interpretations from correct and coordinated sensors functioning at 5 Hz to 50 Hz in the form of color stereo and gray scale monocular camera images, orthogonal and push-broom laser scans, GPS sites, wheel odometry, inertial sizes, and atmospheric density standards.Dudek Jugessur 2 prop osed an appearance-based navigation which is long history inside robotics there has been substantial expansion in this field in last 5 years. Appearance-based navigation and loop resolution recognition schemes working on routes on the instruction of a few kilometers in length are now common. Certainly, place detection schemes comparable in character to the one labeled here is now used equal in single-camera SLAM organizations mean for small scale uses in (Eade Drummond, 2008) 3. In real time application of these schemes on the scale of tens of kilometers or new has too initiated to be possible. For example, in (Milford Wyeth, 2008) a scheme employing a set of naturally stimulated approaches accomplished effective loop closing recognition and plotting in an assembly of more than 12,000 images from a 66 km route, with processing time of less than 100 ms per image. The appearance-recognition element of the scheme was built on direct pattern matching, so scaled linearly with the siz e of the location. Working at a comparable scale, Bosse and Zlot define a place identic classification built on distinctive key points removed from 2-D lidar data (Bosse Zlot, 2008) 5 and prove good precision-recall performance over an 18 km suburban data set.Cummins Newman, 2009 6, they established loop closure recognition on a 1,000 km path, using a type of FAB- interpret which used to an inverted index structural design. One latest research is the improvement of combined schemes which syndicate appearance and deliberate data.Olson 7 defined a method to increasing the robustness of overall loop closure detection schemes by using both appearance and comparative measured information to choose a single dependable set of loop closures from a bigger no. of applicants (Olson, 2008). The technique was assessed over numerous kilometers of urban data and turn upn to improve high precision loop closures even with the use of artificially poor image features. More loosely joined systems have also freshly labeled in (Konolige et al., 2009 Newman et al., 2009). Significant applicable work also occurs on the more limited problem of overall localization.II.PROBLEM STATEMENTThe data are passing challenging by virtue of the self-similarity of the natural terrain the strong variations in lighting conditions, vegetation, weather, and traffic and the three highly different trails. In contrast, we traverse challenging semi structured woodland trails, resulting in data useful for evaluating place recognition and mapping algorithms across changing conditions in natural terrain.III. PROPOSED IMPLEMENTATIONInterestingly, optimizing the posterior fortune therefore amounts to optimizing the likelihood function *plus* another term that depends only on the parameters. The posterior probability objective function turns out to be one of a class of so-called penalized likelihood functions where the likelihood is combined with mathematical functions of the parameters to create a new objective function.Dataset The SFU Mountain Dataset involves of numerous 100 GB of sensor data verified from Burnaby Mountain, British Columbia, Canada. Each traversal covers 4km of woodland trails with a 300m altitude change. Recordings contain complete video since 6 cameras, collection data from two LIDAR sensors, GPS, IMU and wheel encoders, plus calibration parameters for each sensor, and we provide the data in the form of ROS bag tears, JPEG image registers, and CSV text files. Jake Bruce, Jens Wawerla, and Richard Vaughan. The SFU Mountain Dataset Semi-Structured Woodland Trails beneath Changing Environmental Conditions, in IEEE Int. Conf. on Robotics and Robotics, Factory on Visual Place Acknowledgment in Varying Surroundings. Seattle, USA, 2015.Proposed Approach FlowAlternating least(prenominal) Square (ALS) Machine LearningAlternating Least Squares starts by rotating between fixing one two coordinate for matrix dimension ui or vj that can be computed by solving the leas t-squares problem. This approach is handful as it improves the previous non-convex problem into a quadratic that can be solved easily 9. A general description of the algorithm for ALS algorithm for collaborative filtering taken from Zhou et. al 11 is as follows misuse 1 Initializing matrix V by allocating the average rating for that motion as the first row, and then for the small random numbers of the remaining entries. The least squares simply adding up the squared differences between the model and the data. Minimizing the sum of squared differences leads to the maximum likelihood estimates in many cases, but not always. One good thing about least squares esteem is that it can be applied even when your model doesnt actually conform to a probability distribution (or its very hard to write out or compute the probability distribution).One of the most important objective functions is the so-called posterior probability and the corresponding Maximum-Apostiori-Probability or MAP estimat es/estimators. In contrast to ML estimation, MAP estimation says choose the parameters so the model is most probable given the data we observed. Now the objective function is P(thetaX) and the equation to solve isAs you belike already guessed, the MAP and ML estimation problems are related via Bayes theorem, so that this can be written asOnce again, it is convenient to speak out about the optimization problem in log space, where the objective function breaks into three parts, only two of which actually depend on the parameters.Step 2 Fix V, solve U by minimizing the RMSE function. Step 3 Fix U, solve V by minimizing the MSE function similarly. Step 4 Repeat stairs 2 and 3 until convergence.Development toolThe raw data development kit provided on theAutonomy Lab / SFU Mountain Dataset contains MATLAB demonstration code with file which gives further details.Here, we will briefly discuss the most important features. Before running the scripts, steps areStep 1 Read curves points from the Excel fileStep 2 Extract Row Co-ordinate and column tooStep 3 Define fault rateStep 4 fault Detected Parameter Machine// Compute current from voltage vectorStep 5 Do coerce to limit extrap set to positive valuesStep 6 fault Detection rate minimisation as per coverage distanceStep 7 Define sigmoid function ordinance for numerical stabilityStep 8 Define bernoulli probability weight matrix response updateStep 9check convergenceStep 10 compute MSEV.RESULTIn this section we present results showing sample trajectory matches, fault detection rate and MSE on results plots. The current implementation has ALS optimization built in, so compute scales linearly with the length of the dataset. For all experiments, computation was performed at real-time speed or faster on a standard Intel Core i7 PC.We have evaluated our system with the public datasets from the 1 Project. The data were collected by a robotic platform in static and dynamic indoor, outdoor and multiform environments.Figure 5. 1 initial robot military strength in equilibrium state.Above figure 5.1, the static position for robot 21.15 mm with 1.99-time slot fixing the cursor location having dynamic stages assign to each bring in region.Figure 5.2 Robot define fix counter to each direction and tracking target position with dynamic localization in green lines.Figure 5.3 robot coverage distance divide region in track and make define position of laser range at 360o Above figure 5.3 specification the counter stage as per rotated angle and capture each laser to minimization and tolerate skipping factor from 6.5 -9 micro meter in 0.96 millisecond timing.Figure 5.4 Fault detection rate minimization as per coverage distance over Energy levelAbove figure 5.4, the model of 200 mm distance with weather circumstances at 25oC having least fault detection rate i.e. 1.19, if we raise coverage or laser range of robot with aforementioned(prenominal) angle as previous weather circumstances meanwhile fault detection rate g et highly maximized with same energy level or battery power of our robot configuration.Figure 5.5 MSE vs iteration for least square machine learning for faultsAbovefigure 5.5, specification our proposed approach if raised no of dimension with same angular rotation of expert system means square error improving, and then minimum mean square error rate with 4- dimension of same iteration for our approach.iterationFault minimization Rate11.48350021.03404830.79147940.34019350.04491760.00066170.000000The ALS method for computing correspondences, since they proved effective under several kinds of environments in the training datasets. In Fig. 5.5 we show the MSE curves obtained for our proposed simulation part which implemented in MATLAB tool with these parameters, we achieved a low MSE rate in the datasets with no false positives at dimension 4. In tack together to check the reliability of our algorithm with datasets, we used MATLAB as evaluation datasets. For these, we used our algorit hm as a ALS, with the default configuration given above and the same vocabulary. This test shows that our method can work fine out of the box in many environments and situations, and that it is able to cope with sequences of images taken at low or high frequency, as long as they overlap.VI.CONCLUSIONIn this work, our proposed simulation of robot self-localization and utilizing all dimension and transferring position towards fix position by using a Alternate least square method. Our strategy is to create a visual experience for the library of raw visual images collected in different domains, to maintain the appropiate visual patterns that clearly depicts the input scene, and use them for scene retrieval. In particular, we also showed that the appearance of the pose of the mined visual patterns, user laser range with tracking all coordinate with 360 degree which are matched with those of the database scenes by employing image-to-class distance and spatial pyramid matching. In future , the quadrate can be make for stage plan for learning object finder in internet of things and applying the deep learning into it.REFERENCES1 Jake Bruce, Jens Wawerla and Richard Vaughan The SFU Mountain Dataset Semi-Structured Woodland Trails UnderChanging Environmental Conditions Autonomy Lab, Simon Fraser University.2 Dudek, G. and Jugessur, D. rich place recognition using local appearance based methods. In proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, volume 2, 20003 Eade, E. and Drummond, T. Unified loop closing and recovery for real time monocular slam. In Proc. 19th British Machine raft Conference, 20084 Milford, M.J. and Wyeth, G.F. Mapping a Suburb With a Single Camera Using a Biologically Inspired SLAM System. IEEE Transactions on Robotics, 24 (5)1038-1053, 2008.5 Bosse, M. and Zlot, R. Keypoint design and evaluation for place recognition in 2D lidar maps. In Robotics wisdom and Systems Conference Inside Data Association Workshop, 2008.6 Cum mins, M. and Newman, P. Highly scalableAppearance-only SLAM FAB-MAP 2.0. In Pro-ceedings of Robotics Science and Systems, Seattle,USA, June 2009.7 Olson, E. Robust and Efficient Robotic Mapping. PhD thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, June 20087 Konolige, K., Bowman, J., Chen, J.D., Mihelich, P., Calonder, M., Lepetit, V., and Fua, P. View-based maps. In Proceedings of Robotics Science and Systems (RSS), 2009.8 Schindler, G., Brown, M., and Szeliski, R. City-Scale Location Recognition. In IEEE Conference on estimator Vision and Pattern Recognition, pp. 1-7, 20079Nister, D. and Stewenius, H. Scalable recognition with a vocabulary tree. In Conf. Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, volume 2, pp. 2161-2168, 200610 Jegou, H., Douze, M., and Schmid, C. Hamming embedding and weak geometric consistency for large scale image search. In David Forsyth, Philip Torr, Andrew Zisserman (ed.), European Conference on Computer Vision, volume I of LNCS, pp. 304-317. Springer, oct 200 8.11 Y. Zhou, D. Wilkinson, R. Schreiber, and R. Pan. Large-scale parallel collaborative filtering for the netflix prize. In Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Algorithmic Aspects in Information and Management, AAIM 08, pages 337-348, Berlin, Heidelberg, 2008. Springer-Verlag.

Lost Art Of Letters English Language Essay

Lost dodge Of Letters English Language showWriters often say that they do not know what they think until they put pen to paper. Putting pen to paper is a very different image than typing on a machine. Letter report is a lost art. Writing a letter is giving a gift of oneself. Its ab turn out manduction it creates a two- course relationship. Addressee and make unnecessaryr connect and through the power of the written word give each other back to one another. For this reason, in a cartridge clip of narcissistic monologues in which we do not know how to say you, there is little space for letter writing. There was a time when writing earn was our only means of communicating everywhere long distances. In todays world, we fucking pick up a phone and speak to anyone anywhere in a second or two. Whether personal or business related, people pick up a phone before they pick up a pen. Over time technology and the need for speed has left the letter a thing of the past. With stark naked works of communication people dont seem to realize the how nonpersonal and sloppy text messaging, email, cards, and the telephone really be. (Affonso) Yes, all of these things are wonderful in one way or another and benefit today greatly, yet nothing is savored, thought out, or meaningful. Interacting is an important component of communication.Is there something meaningful you need to say? Not only can you debase Happy natal day and Get Well Soon cards, these days you can express any sentiment Hallmark style. Today you can go to the grocery store and buy a card to say just about anything. I Miss You, and Sorry we had a disagreement, Thinking of you, and even something as rude as an over the hill cards complete with headstones. Granted, they are nice gestures, but theyre still somebody elses words. Who really meant what the card has to say, Hallmark or the shooter? Am I to be touched by this heartfelt gesture because you passed the aisle with cards on your way to pick up toile t paper? Im sorry to be dismissive. I know that most people truly feel what the card is trying to convey. I myself sometimes buy cards like these, but I write a note or letter to say it in my own words as well. Cards are just another way to shorthand true feelings and human emtion.B4, lol, jk, ROLFL, Luv u. Let us not for submit the evermore ubiquitous e-mail and Instant Message. Why take the time to write a heartfelt letter when you can sit down, put your thoughts into a few brief sentences often incomplete and twisted with abbreviated language and send it off into the the atmosphere of the internet?Schools are suffering because of the prevalence of text speak. Schools are finding that because of the placement of technology in the classroom it has replaced communication. This is handicapping schoolchilds communication skills and going them unprepared for the real world, real jobs, and real relationships. Without learning to communicate professionally it will be more difficult if not impossible for a student of this generation to know how to correctly send an email to a colleague or boss. (Minster) A level of professionalism must be conveyed to convince employers of your aptitude of talk and communication to maintain or rise in the professional world.I long to receive a three page, heart-rending, soppy letter, filled with words guardedly chosen and eternal. Maybe Im just a hopelessly romantic dreamer, or just downright old-fashioned. Of all letters, the love-letter should be the most carefully prepared. Among the written missives, they are the most thoroughly read and re-read, and the longest preserved. What I envy most are the grandmothers who can pull out their bundle of letters. Usually tied up with string or kept in a carved wooden box those letters reveal feelings of the past. History gives us knowledge but letters gives feeling and emotion. Some of the most powerful letters written are those of soldiers writing home to their wives and families. Sarah my love for you is deathless, it seems to bind me with mighty cables that nothing but Omnipotence could give off and yet my love of Country comes over me like a strong wind and bears me unresistibly on with all these chains to the battle field. Those words of the heart could neer keep brought the same emotion over a text message or sent in a hallmark greeting card (Lost Art of Letter Writing).Those final words to his beloved wife are the last he would ever write, and she would keep the carbon copy of his love forever.The danger of losing this form of communication is that we will become the first generation in history to leave no written record of ourselves. If George Washington, Abraham Lincoln, or Ernest Hemingway had only used e-mail, would we have the same record of them that we possess through their letters and journals today? Probably not. We may have the facts downthe part of history we all fall asleep(predicate) throughbut the story would be lost. The feelings and emoti ons would not exist. John Adams epic letters to his wife Abigail would most likely be erased from time and the hard demand had they not written some of the most famous love letters of all time. Even if they did, it is still not the same as a letter. A letter is a personal thing, even more now because we receive so few of them. They matter because they are personal in an increasingly upset world, and because they take time and effort to produce.Night after night, you log onto your computer and talk with your online date for hours. At first, this is exciting and you wait all day for the time you get to sign onto the net. However, after a fewmonths, its not as exciting and you are bored. Having the same type of interactions with someone over time can cause the relationship to end. The best way to keep it alive is to find other ways to make it new and exciting. Try scheduling time to get together or chat on the phone rather than via e-mail or instant messenger. Not everyone can or sh ould fight fires, race cars, keystone portraits, or sing karaoke publicly. Its fine were all different, and as Jane Austen said, One half of the world cannot understand the pleasure of the other. Online dating is no different. Maybe all the change kids are doing it maybe your friends are urging you to take cursor in hand and dip into the digital dating pool. Relationships take work but Internet ones take even more work. Internet dating means you have to schedule in time for your computer to sit and chat or your new friend will simply pick out a new profile and try again. Internet dating takes more effort because you have to parcel out so much of yourself in a very impersonal way. (Caplan). Not only does it take more effort but it takes a lot of bravery. How do you know that you can trust Mike Dexter, the hunky fireman who volunteers at animal shelters on the weekendor so his profile says. For all you know he could be an eighty year old man allergic to dogs. What happened to the o rganic way of dating? What happened to the boy meets girl and so on and so forth. instantly days if we want to impress someone of the opposite gender, its not your hair that needs an updo..its your profile on facebook that needs an update Internet dating may work for some, but there is nothing personal or romantic about you, your bunny slippers, your PC, and good old Ben and Jerry to keep you company.We have done aside with hand written letters and notes in the name of time. Because we live in the fast paced twenty first century, millions of people spend their time figuring out a way to get things done faster and more efficiently. Email and text messaging are wonderful advances. They help businesses and companies overseas stay in touch with each other. It ensures aid to countries in need when disaster strikes. It is wonderful for places like ebay and online shopping. Student teacher relationships are easily communicated via email when there is a problem or misunderstanding. Howeve r when it comes to matters of the heart, there is something to be said for the letter. It is intimate, it is personal and it communicates more than just a desire to stay in touch.

Japanese Internment (Diary) :: essays research papers

My name is Makino Toshio and I am a second generation Japanese-American. My father moved to howdy before coming to the mainland, like most Japanese-Americans. Before World War II, I worked on a Japanese truck farm. When Japan attacked Pearl Harbor, strain was bad for any Japanese-American in the United States. Many people in the United States did not trust people with Japanese ancestry. A store that I usually shop at had a sign in the window saying, We dont want any Japs back here-EVER Within hours after the outpouring of Pearl Harbor at Hawaii, FBI agents went house to house and rounded up 1,212 Japanese in the U.S. mainland and Hawaii islands. Most of the arrests were prominent leaders in Japanese communities. All of them were taken to unknown destinations and treated as Prisoners of War. Even Japanese-Americans who were born in this country were mistakenly thought to be loyal to Japan. There were a lot of rumors that Japanese Americans were helping Japan by using special code s to make contact with them. There is no evidence that Japanese Americans were spying for Japan. Inspite of the point that there was absolutely no proof that Japanese Americans were disloyal to America, the federal government and its leaders decided that no one of Japanese ancestry could pull round in the west coast of the United States. On the morning of February 19, 142, President Franklin D. Roosevelt issued Executive Order 9066, which began this prohibition.News came to use that we were going to have to move to impounding camps. We had a couple months to prepare to go to the poundage camps. Some people in other areas only had a couple of days. We learned about the motion Centers through posters that had been posted and from talking to other people. The United States called it a Relocation Center so it didnt sound as harsh as internment camp. Other than that we heard nothing and had no idea what to expect. We had to report to Tulare Relocation Center. We had no idea how long we were going to be at the center. Later, when the relocation camps were built, we were taken by troop trains to Gila Relocation Center in Arizona. I got work at the camp post office which handled more than a half gazillion dollars in stamps. It was an 8-5 job and, in between, I did what I could to have fun like go to dances or the movies.

The Oedipus Complex in Oedipus the King :: Sophocles

In Oedipus the King, once upon a time in a ground far, far extraneous Queen Jocasta was expecting a baby boy, but one day Tiresias (a blind prophet) dropped by one day to see the pantywaist to give her bad intelligence information about her baby. Tiresias said My queen, the son you will bear will kill his father and bind his motherThe queen was appalled by this news, thus, after the queen had her son she right off drove him away, by leaving him in the dark, verdant woods. A herder from another kingdom found the baby boy and immediately notified his king about the baby. The king adopted the newborn boy and named it Oedipus. When Oedipus was gr induce up (in his twenties) he heard a legend that a prince from a kingdom far, far away will kill his father and marry his own mother. Oedipus was frightened that he will kill his father and own marry his own mother so he embarked on a journey to escape the myth. When Oedipus was traveling in his chariot he met a man in the spunk of the desert, and the young arrogant Oedipus killed the man. (He did not know that he just killed his biological father) In the gates of Thebes, a sphinx was guarding the kingdom slithering back and forth. Oedipus finally dialog to the sphinx, ?Maybe you give notice spare us some food, my kingdom was shambling into death.? ?Well, well, do you want to enter the kingdom to speak to the queen?. ? ?Yes,? replied Oedipus ?I confirm a riddle for you my child. If you answer it correctly, you may talk to the queen and you have heard about our king who has been missing for days. We assumed he is rotting in the middle of the desert. I guess the vultures will have a feast? In addition to talking to the queen about your discrepancies you can also marry the widowed queen.? The sphinx asked Oedipus, ?What walks on four legs in the morning, two at noon, and three in the evening?? ?A man,? Oedipus replied and he was correct. So basically he can marry the queen of Thebes and that makes hi m the king of Thebes. (But keep in mind Oedipus is going to marry his own mother.)The King had the Queen of Thebes four children, two sons, Eyocles and Polynices and two daughters, Ismene and Antigone.